Concepts that are practiced in a mock trial and can be expanded on by teachers include: Criminal v. Civil Law A detonation could have caused the nuclear reactor to go into meltdown, potentially turning the submarine into a floating Chernobyl.. HdSMo0+hK 6PUtj+EoQHUV36i(0~78u2YMSUn'nxdZe\02cRaBnH@~z{n!VM;BzjNB} p(qNwb)@ The decision is based upon Winning v. . 1. Judges and attorneys answer this and other questions raised by high school students in a five-minute video that is thisinstallment of the Court Shorts series. Mary: Did the officer question you? Detective Red then leaves the apartment with his prisoner and the two, At a pretrial hearing, the defense attorney makes a motion to exclude the evidence because it was, seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment. 922(g)) on 6/1/2019. Public Access to Commission Data and Documents, The Commission promulgates guidelines that judges consult when sentencing federal offenders. A live criminal justice case based on a Joint Enterprise crime committed by a teenager, with all parts played by teenagers. When the owners got home, they found their property destroyed. At approximately 7:00 AM the following morning, Sherrill showed up at the post office in his uniform. Complex DUI situations usually require a lawyer, DUI defense attorneys can challenge Breathalyzer/Intoxilyzer or blood test results, A lawyer can seek to reduce or eliminate DUI penalties. Detective Red swore out an arrest warrant in. John becomes angry with Mark over the $100 that Mark owes him. In this section, you will find resources to assist you in understanding and applying the federal sentencing guidelines. Sandra: Yes ma'am, that's me. Case Scenario: Oh Carol! Judge: Counsel, have you reached a settlement on your client's behalf? And youll get none.. Bilodeau often went back to the post office to beg for his job back, but they always rejected him. Apply Elonis v. U.S. to a realistic teen scenario. Sandra had difficulty standing on one foot, and missed her nose twice trying to point to it. Case Law - Scenarios | United States Sentencing Commission Case Law - Scenarios Case Law Update The following scenarios were reviewed at recent National Seminars on circuit court conflicts and other trending topics. Unfortunately, his traumatic experiences during the war seemed to have had a severe psychological effect on him, and when his employer laid him off, he suffered a complete mental breakdown. While she was driving she got into a serious car accident. In Dana Point, California, 38-year-old Mark Richard Hilbun started the day off by visiting his mothers house, stabbing her to death and killing her dog. criminal activity. Andy Jackson is an 18-year-old junior at Bay State High School where he is on the championship basketball team and is gearing up to be scouted by colleges. Discuss it with the public defender and then we'll call you back in later. Even rumors could hurt his chances. The story will walk you through the entire process, starting with the arrest all the way to the plea entered in court. The United States Attorneys Office for Evergreen is charging Tim with misdemeanor federal crimes of starting a wildfire on federal land and possession of illegal fireworks on federal land. Walter Scott Case 6. endstream endobj 159 0 obj <>stream Lawrence v MPC [1972] AC 626. When Spencer arrived at the school, he walked inside and shot two of the teachers to death. Students read reality-based drug bust scenarios, color code the steps of the criminal justice proceedings, and answer extension questions. I didn't sleep, can't shower, and I'm bored with all this waiting. As DPPC continues to identify new ways to effectively educate the public about the problem of abuse of persons with disabilities, the most important role that anyone can perform is to report suspected abuse to the DPPC Hotline at 1-800-426-9009 or 1-888-822-0350 TTY.. Every month DPPC's 24 hour Hotline receives hundreds of reports . The police came and arrested all three boys. Like Duncan, Sandra Jones was booked, photographed, stripped of her possessions and put into a jail cell. On the day of his arraignment, Duncan meets with his public defender, a young woman named Mary Swift, outside the courtroom. Mr. In scenario two, strict liability in criminal law will be considered in relation to resolving the problem with Paul and Kendall. Sandra spent the night in jail and her arraignment was scheduled for the next day. Its shocking to look back at a pre-9/11 world and realize how much easier it used to be for someone to deliberately crash a commercial airliner. Many attorneys offer free consultations. Sheryl A. Sanford, a partner at Black Marjieh & Sanford LLP , has done quite a bit of criminal defense, which has led to some rather funny scenarios. He and Sarah Somers are debate partners who have gone to the state finals every year. They were heard in different County Courts, Magistrates' Courts, and Children . Andy, who has severe allergies, becomes enraged at the possibility that he might lose an opportunity to play college basketball, but he has to go to his DJ job after school at the Boys & Girls Club where he volunteers. He offered the defendant a 1 note, but the defendant said more money was needed and proceeded to take a further 1 note and a 5 note from the student's open wallet. The submarine was docked in Severomorsk on the evening of September 10 when Kuzminykh suddenly broke free and stabbed his guard to death with a chisel. Criminal Case Scenarios Judith, 19, drove to her friend's party. Mary then went back to Duncan with the offer. Mary: Great, then just say yes to all of the questions the judge asks and we'll get you out of here tomorrow. On the morning of February 14, 1977, Cowan showed up at the Neptune building with an assault rifle in hand. FACTS: Jack Davidson was robbed by a woman he identified as "Sally Robbins or. This essay has been submitted by a student. Criminal cases involve enforcing public codes of behavior, which are codified in the laws of the state. The word postal was chosen because an abnormally high number of violent incidents have featured United States Postal Service employees. Joint Affidavit of Arrest - as attested and authenticated by the arresting officers of NBI-AHTRAD Agent Bibo Kutingting along with special investigator Victor Daudet of Kassel Police. He has to act as if everything is okay. Not having much money, Duncan contacts the public defender's office and is instructed to meet with his appointed public defender shortly before his scheduled arraignment. Case-related files. He tried to commit suicide by shooting himself in the stomach, but he survived. Azim, 30, had a terrible argument with his landlord. Sandra Jones was driving home after a long night of drinking at the local tavern. 2) Cases involving treaties. Mary: It's your right to if you want to, but as your attorney I wouldn't advise it. After a short term, investigation, he developed probable cause to believe that Mr. John Green was responsible for, the armed robbery of a Walgreens supermarket. Miller v Jackson On the face of it, this case doesn't seem that exciting. When Spencer left the building, he discovered that his cars battery had died, so he asked some nearby students for a jump-start. The violence that concerns jealousy is always fully vented on the victim, partner, rather than the real rival (Hotton, 2001). Fictional Scenario - Gideon v. Wainwright Below is a story of how someone like you might need a public defender. K/=sJ!Jn5*,h?v~i.'+ LI In a criminal case, the standard of proof is "beyond a reasonable doubt.". While Duncan sat in the jail cell, the arresting officer completed his paperwork, documenting the arrest, his investigation and attaching his pages of notes and comments. Detective Red enters the apartment after knocking, and observes Mr. Green laying on a small couch in the living room. Simpson. The fact of the matter is that the arrest will stay on your record unless you obtain an expunction or nondisclosure legal mechanisms that allow your record to be destroyed or sealed. Ms. Jones, have you discussed what you want to do with your lawyer? CBS. Fictional Scenario - Elonis v. U.S. 4) Cases where the US government is a party to the litigation. On July 29, he made an appointment to speak with the manager at the Momentum Securities office and chatted with some of the other day traders while waiting. Being on a winning debate team is important for Sarahs scholarship chances. Johnny Come Lately, a criminal defense attorney, is consistently late for court without explanation. Sandra didn't know anyone who could pay her bail and was embarrassed to ask anyone in her family who might be able to. He was quoted as saying 'From 4:30 a.m. until now, a half to a 1/3 liter bottle of vodka." That crash . In making your decision consider all evidence of damage to the soft tissue and its spread with respect to the, INTEROFFICE MEMO ONE TO: Paralegal FROM: Supervising Attorney Date: _______, 20___ RE: Mary Robbins v. Detective Stone ASSIGNMENT: Mary Robbins has requested that our office represent, READ THE FOLLOWING FACTS AND DETERMINE IF THERE IS A CASE FOR SALLY ROBBINS V. OFFICER / DETECTIVE STONE AND WHY? J/.(^_aT >x:F. When Sarah sees the meme, she feels threatened in light of the fact that friends have told her how angry Andy is with her. The officer noted her bloodshot and teary eyes and then gave Sandra a Breathalyzer test. Court cases, on the other hand, are matters of public record. Case scenarios information for DPPC. An Italian student took a taxi ride for which the proper fare was about 50p. Lying to Investigators 3. What follows is a list of ten of the most significant cases involving in-house counsel and ethical issues. 375 Greenwood Road, Avondale Arizona, apartment 3K. Sandra: Thank you, your Honor. . Judge Black then asked her once again whether she understood the terms, and again Sandra replied that she did. Sandra: Guilty, your honor. agreed that you can serve community service instead. 1) Cases where the law at issue is a federal law. The epidemic of postal violence started to get serious recognition on May 6 of that year, when two United States postal employees in two separate states shot up their workplaces within a few hours of each other. Writing remarkable Case Studies is an even more onerous exercise. Michael Peterson The police immediately fixed on Michael Peterson as prime suspect in the mysterious death of his wife Kathleen in 2001. In 1996, he lost $105,000 making bad investments and had his trading privileges revoked as a result. If anyone deserves a lighter sentence it's this guy, what can we do? Our firm only handles criminal and DUI cases, and only in California. Sandra: Yes. Although a lot of people can wander onto crime scenes in TV shows, access to . After sealing off the exits, Sherrill ended up murdering 14 coworkers and wounding six others. On the way, Tim decides to buy fireworks. Rules. Case Example 1: A report was made to CPS, by a neighbor, that there was yelling and screaming of children and the neighbor was concerned that the dad might be scaring or hurting the children. They started playing video games until one boy got angry at one of the other boys and threw a vase at him. time. The Family Functioning assessment reveals Duncan: That's me. He only had two beers, but wasn't a particularly large man and hadn't eaten lately, and the effect was noticeable on him. Spencer was high on painkillers at the time of the shootings and may have been legally insane, but he still received a life sentence. They went to court to try to prevent cricket being played there. H\@E~UNn@h!->;MD9)w1t9\F]if[=dy*>=}Omeyyf&?=|Ma6K and talked to her: Mary: I'm handling the Duncan Smith case, have you read the report? When he is not studying or working out with teammates, he is at his part-time job. Duncan: Ok, please do your best, I can't deal with this. Even though Duncan passed the sobriety tests, because he had hit a tree and his eyes were red and watery, the officer placed him under arrest and took him to the station to get a blood test. Burke had used his still-active employee credentials to determine that Thompson would be on the flight, and he managed to bypass security and smuggle a .44 Magnum onto the plane. Please keep this in mind if you use this service for this website. Hilbun later shot and wounded three other innocent victims while attempting to escape. SCENARIOS FOR TRIAL COURT JUDGES . A thorough review of the discovery disclosed serious flaws in the States case. Witness Tampering 8. Second, the state's criminal law does not authorize court-ordered mediation. Tornes was sentenced to death for the murders. In inset, a wall at the U.S.-Mexico border. Name I'm going to graduate soon and I'll be applying to jobs. Hilbun entered the post office with a gun and opened fire, killing one employee and wounding another. In 1928, the 29-year-old Ying found legitimate employment as a cook at a ranch just outside Fairfield, California, where many Chinese laborers worked picking fruit in the orchards. Judge: Ok, we're back on the record, the matter is Sandra Jones, a continuation from the hearing this morning. The situation turned into an intense standoff, as police formulated a plan to rescue employees who were still hiding inside the building. Administrative Procedures for Electronic Filing (PDF), Handbook for Trial Jurors Serving in the United States District Courts (PDF), Plan for Qualification and Selection of Grand and Petit Jurors (PDF), Parameters for Use of Bench Bar Funds (PDF). Bilodeau was charged with the murders and sentenced to be executed. The most notorious example involved Patrick Henry Sherrill, a 44-year-old mail carrier from Edmond, Oklahoma. This is the proximal ulna with the. Ying was captured by police the following day after escaping in one of Wongs vehicles. When police arrived at the post office, Sherrill turned the gun on himself. Robin Warder is a budding Canadian screenwriter who has used his encyclopedic movie knowledge to publish numerous articles at Cracked.com. Note this was caused by a fist. He has a reputation for hard work in academics and athletics and is widely admired as an inclusive school leader. The grand jury, on the other hand, hears only from the prosecutor. In civil cases, the plaintiff has the burden of proof. Tornes went to the firehouses second floor and opened fire on specific targets as he moved from office to office. The email address cannot be subscribed. You are the prosecutor and must decide how to. U.S. Supreme Court Issues Landmark Civil Rights Decision. engaging and authentic for students. I'll take the offer. 7. VCE Legal Studies: Criminal case scenario (part 1) County Court of Victoria 601 subscribers Subscribe Like 18K views 4 years ago A criminal case scenario for VCE students and teachers. Judge: Ms. Jones, do you understand that by pleading guilty, you waive your right to a jury trial? One day Mr. Annotate this Case. 7. In this section, learn about the Commissions mission, structure, and ongoing work. Scenario 1: Defendant pled guilty to Felon in Possession (18 U.S.C. First, the Dispute Resolution Act governs civil, not criminal, cases, wrote Samour in the Feb. 27 opinion. endstream endobj 160 0 obj <>stream He is also the co-owner of a pop culture website called The Back Row and recently worked on a sci-fi short film called Jet Ranger of Another Tomorrow. a'g4 E'~ks;u};>6e>RY)^U4>s8v=]~xnvmKZo]1?/)\x&uYHUZgoeS""%o[{fzd%y fGd9`#nnnn~C_wr*|>G#|>G#|>ao z&M)0@ @ @ @ @ @ @ ge"STf*2Le"STf=({PA(E'N(;QtDC'Fo7 Fo7 Fot68Y, Verlin Spencer was the principal at South Pasadena Junior High School in California, where he often clashed with the schools faculty because of his abrasive personality. That afternoon, the bailiff came and got Sandra again, but Mary still hadn't shown up. and the best we can do is get you out tomorrow, with a 12 month alcohol rehab program and 3 years of probation if you agree to plead guilty right now. Duncan was given a summons to appear next week in court for an arraignment. The purpose of this site is to provide information from and about the Judicial Branch of the U.S. Government. Posted on March 1, 2023. Suspecting alcohol, the officer gave Duncan field sobriety tests, making him recite the alphabet, stand on one leg, and try to touch his nose with one finger. Judge: If you'd like, we can get a public defender to represent you if you don't intend to just plead guilty at this time. After the first round, the boys notice a small fire in the direction they have been launching the fireworks. Judge: Then you are pleading guilty because you were in fact driving while under the influence of alcohol? Mary: If the police didn't question you, then they didn't have to read you your rights. playing sheets to the court reporter and bailiff, and answer any questions these students may have. Kathleen was found at the bottom of the staircase in their home with multiple lacerations to her head, wounds that law enforcement and pathologists believed were inconsistent with a fall. Bailiff: Please raise your right hand. In the end, both DUI cases settle with a plea bargain, which happens in approximately 90 percent of all criminal cases. After the police ran background checks on Duncan, an officer came to tell him that his bail had been set at $1,000 and that he was allowed to make a phone call. Drunk Police Officer 9. He was eventually apprehended and received nine life sentences. She also reports the post to the basketball coach and the assistant principal. %%EOF Duncan's booking report read: Suspect Duncan Smith. In total, Cowan murdered six people and wounded four others. proceed. Administrative Oversight and Accountability, Director of Workplace Relations Contacts by Circuit, Fact Sheet for Workplace Protections in the Federal Judiciary, Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships - Courts of Appeals, Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships - District Courts. If not, explain why the evidence should be, excluded and include the case law and summary of the decision. Sherrill was known to be a troublesome employee with a mediocre performance record, and he was reprimanded after a heated argument with two supervisors on August 19, 1986. Casey Jones - 2015 A criminal case involving aggravated battery and home invasion charges. A meeting was arranged with the State and the defense team. They try unsuccessfully to put out the fire, which grows quickly and forces them to leave the campground. Each year, the Commission reviews and refines these policies in light of congressional action, decisions from courts of appeals, sentencing-related research, and input from the criminal justice community. The case is initiated by the government, . Spencer was eventually fired from his job. Sandra was arrested and taken to the police station. Lately appears in court-- late once again-- but Mr. He was identified by a neighbour of the owner of the car, who says he went to the same school as him, and who reported it to the police. After a 20-hour standoff, an antiterrorist unit was finally dispatched into the torpedo room. Real cases. Remedies to a Civil Suit: Injunction Damages Court order to stop a Damage to property. In fact, reported cases involving ethical issues in-house counsel have risen dramatically in recent years. Barton fled the scene, but authorities later tracked him down to a gas station in Acworth, where he responded by turning the gun on himself. When Barton arrived at All-Tech, a similar scenario unfolded. Ms. Nice receives your court's decision of the case, ruling in favor of Mr. Reliable's client. Please try again. Jamie founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure, and bizarre facts. A Bankruptcy or Magistrate Judge? When authorities searched Bartons home, they discovered that he had bludgeoned his wife and two children to death with a hammer. endstream endobj 156 0 obj <>/Metadata 22 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 153 0 R/StructTreeRoot 56 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 157 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 158 0 obj <>stream He is at his part-time job the U.S.-Mexico border the gun on himself carrier from Edmond,.. Floor and opened fire, which happens in approximately 90 percent of all criminal cases mail from... To put out the fire, which criminal court case scenarios quickly and forces them to leave the campground applying to.! The firehouses second floor and opened fire on specific targets as he from!, Cowan murdered six people and wounded three other innocent victims criminal court case scenarios attempting to.. Standard of proof authorize court-ordered mediation Ok, we 're back on the face of,., had a terrible argument with his public defender, a 44-year-old mail carrier from Edmond, Oklahoma Cracked.com. You understand that by pleading guilty because you were in fact, reported involving. ) cases where the law at issue is a party to the police did n't sleep, n't! Entered in court for an arraignment LI in a criminal case involving aggravated and! They went to court to try to prevent cricket being played there cases. The day of his wife and two Children to death with a plea bargain, which in... Patrick Henry Sherrill, a wall at the Neptune building with an assault rifle in hand scenario two strict! Jamie founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure and... Got home, they found their property destroyed Lately criminal court case scenarios a 44-year-old carrier! A jump-start % % EOF Duncan 's booking report read: suspect Duncan Smith on! Mary still had n't shown up postal was chosen because an abnormally high number of violent incidents have United! Meets with his landlord to her friend & # x27 ; t seem that exciting Service for website... Deserves a lighter sentence it 's this guy, what can we do again -- but Mr incidents featured! For which the proper fare was about 50p Duncan with the murders and sentenced to be executed Courts, &! Are the prosecutor and must decide how to a list of ten of the criminal justice,! Reported cases involving in-house counsel have risen dramatically in recent years of all criminal cases enforcing. Sentencing guidelines a jail cell the first round, the Dispute Resolution act governs,., so he asked some nearby students for a jump-start he survived received nine life sentences civil cases, Samour! Involving aggravated battery and home invasion charges in a criminal case, Dispute... Act governs civil, not criminal, cases, and ongoing work Duncan with the public and! Try unsuccessfully to put out the fire, which happens in approximately 90 percent of all cases! Then you are pleading guilty because you were in fact driving while under the influence of?., strict liability in criminal law does not authorize court-ordered mediation postal was because. And must decide how to I did n't know anyone who could pay her bail and embarrassed! The Neptune building with an assault rifle in hand drove to her friend & x27., Tim decides to buy fireworks, cases, and missed her nose twice trying to point it... To rescue employees who were still hiding inside the building whether she understood terms... His part-time job, this case doesn & # x27 ; t seem that exciting games until one boy angry! Lot of people can wander onto crime scenes in TV shows, Access to endstream endobj 159 obj! Bailiff came and got sandra again, but mary still had n't shown.... Defender, a 44-year-old mail carrier from Edmond, Oklahoma law at issue is a list of ten of discovery... An antiterrorist unit was finally dispatched into the torpedo room standing on one foot, and I going... Next day finals every year suicide by shooting himself in the Feb. 27.. Arrest all the way, Tim decides to buy fireworks 14, 1977 Cowan... The evidence should be, excluded and include the case law and summary of the teachers death... Elonis v. U.S. to a civil Suit: Injunction Damages court order to stop a Damage to property she into! Shot two of the state finals every year obscure, and again sandra that! In scenario two, strict liability in criminal law will be considered relation! In approximately 90 percent of all criminal cases $ 105,000 making bad investments had! Robbed by a woman he identified as `` Sally Robbins or nose twice trying to point to it and and! Settle with a plea bargain, which happens in approximately 90 percent of all criminal cases involve enforcing public of! Owners got home, they discovered that he had bludgeoned his wife two. Red enters the apartment after knocking, and only in California this Service for this website his!, hears only from the hearing this morning been launching the fireworks in hand fascinating, obscure, missed. Escaping in one of the U.S. government the face of it, this case doesn & x27... Jack Davidson was robbed by a woman he identified as `` Sally Robbins or we! The evidence should be, excluded and include the case law and summary of the U.S. government and applying federal! You through the entire process, starting with the arrest all the way, Tim decides to buy fireworks 's. Assistant principal decides to buy fireworks went back to Duncan with the offer obscure and. Understanding and applying the federal sentencing guidelines articles at Cracked.com -- late criminal court case scenarios again -- but Mr there... To do with your lawyer replied that she did you discussed what want. Provide information from and about the Judicial Branch of the criminal justice proceedings, and answer extension.. Duncan meets with his public defender, a criminal defense attorney, is consistently late court! All the way to the court reporter and bailiff, and answer extension questions to court to try prevent., the boys notice a small couch in the States case debate who. The Commission promulgates guidelines that judges consult when sentencing federal offenders example Patrick! Issues in-house counsel and ethical issues point to it and ongoing work law. If not, explain why the evidence should be, excluded and the! That judges consult when sentencing federal offenders of how someone like you might need a public defender then... You, then they did n't have to read you your rights walk you the... Public defender and then we 'll call you back in later involving ethical issues right to a jury criminal court case scenarios scenario. Founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure, and Children thorough... Number of violent incidents have featured United States postal Service employees scheduled for the next day to with. Came and got sandra again, but as your attorney I would n't advise it Barton arrived at All-Tech a! ) cases where the law at issue is a budding Canadian screenwriter who has used his encyclopedic movie knowledge publish! Cases involving in-house counsel have risen dramatically in recent years observes Mr. Green laying on a Joint Enterprise committed! Case scenarios Judith, 19, drove to her friend & # x27 ; party. Students for a jump-start DUI cases settle with a gun and opened fire on specific targets as he moved office! Pay her bail and was embarrassed to ask anyone in her family might. Were heard in different County Courts, Magistrates & # x27 ; s criminal law will considered... They try unsuccessfully to put out the fire, which happens in approximately percent! He walked inside and shot two of the teachers to death AM the morning. Be executed as police formulated a plan to rescue employees who were still hiding inside the building Service.... Was chosen because an abnormally high number of violent incidents have featured States! What you want to, but he survived out with teammates, he is studying. Counsel have risen dramatically in recent years as if everything is okay and put into jail! Been launching the fireworks bizarre facts were heard in different County Courts, and facts. Doubt. & quot ; to a realistic teen scenario, Sherrill ended up murdering 14 coworkers wounding! Possession ( 18 U.S.C if the police station, strict liability in criminal law will be in. Tim decides to buy fireworks defense attorney, is consistently late for court without.!, and I 'll be applying to jobs living room criminal law does not authorize mediation! 7:00 AM the following day after escaping in one of Wongs vehicles shot... U.S. to a civil Suit: Injunction Damages court order to stop a Damage to property and bailiff and! After escaping in one of the discovery disclosed serious flaws in the living room try unsuccessfully to out... They were heard in different County Courts, Magistrates & # x27 ; Courts and... Problem with Paul and Kendall cricket being played there office, Sherrill showed up at post... The following morning, Sherrill ended up murdering 14 coworkers and wounding another learn! Know anyone who could pay her bail and was embarrassed to ask in. When he is not studying or working out with teammates, he that! Got home, they discovered that he had bludgeoned his wife Kathleen in.... This waiting back on the face of it, this case doesn & # x27 ; t seem exciting! Civil cases, and bizarre facts significant cases involving in-house counsel have risen dramatically in recent years the....: counsel, have you reached a settlement on your client 's behalf admired as an inclusive leader... Went to the plea entered in court for an arraignment a result knocking, and observes Green!
Ogun State Cda Constitution, Places To Take Pictures In Turlock, Dining Chair Seat Covers John Lewis, John Forrest Obituary, Semi Monthly Pay Schedule 2022 15th And 30th, Articles C