He ruled from 527 to 565 and was determined to revive ancient Rome by retaking lands that had been overrun by invaders. The mosaics here are perhaps the greatest of early Byzantine if not all post-Roman mosaics; they do serve as embellishment to reinforce the grandeur of Justinian, perhaps simultaneously last Roman emperor and first Byzantine emperor. Justinian One emperor was able to restore control over the former lands of the Eastern Roman Empire. From Constantinople (now in Venice). History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, "Discussion: Porphyry head of emperor ('Justinian'). [14] He marched into Ravenna unopposed, occupied it, then disposed of King Witigis. The reign of Justinian was a prodigiously paramount period. Greek and Roman traditions were preserved in the Byzantine Empire. Gill, N.S. Procopius' book On Buildings [De aedificiis] describes Justinian's building projects that included aqueducts and bridges, monasteries, orphanages, hostels, and the Hagia Sophia, which still stands in Constantinople/Istanbul. His armies reconquered lost territories, including Italy, northern Africa, and the southern coast of Spain. [44], Justinian discontinued the regular appointment of Consuls in 541. Designed as an accessible introduction to Justinian's reign and his time, The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire offers readers and researchers an appealing mix of descriptive chapters,. Emperor Justinian wanted to have the same glorious days as the Roman Empire in the Ancient Age. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear". Kp Justinian's Men : Careers and Relationships of Byzantine Army Officers, 518-610 av David Alan Parnell. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Byzantine Empire Justinian I 527-565 AD Bronze Follis NGC VF Nicomedia Mint 543 at the best online prices at eBay! The veteran Belisarius saved the situation by mustering the civilian population. In 525, perhaps at the insistence of Justinian, Justin repealed a law which effectively forbade court officials from marrying people of low class. Now a mob, they appointed a new emperor. The DIR article on Justinian says Procopius claims Justinian's aunt, Empress Euphemia, by marriage, so disapproved the marriage that Justinian waited until she died (before 524) before even starting to deal with the legal impediments to the marriage. He eventually rose to the rank of secretary of the imperial bodyguard and in 577 was appointed commander in chief of the army. On 26 December 537, according to Pseudo-Codinus, Justinian stated at the completion of this edifice: "Solomon, I have outdone thee" (in reference to the first Jewish temple). Gold and silver were mined in the Balkans, Anatolia, Armenia, Cyprus, Egypt and Nubia. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [9] His reign also marked a blossoming of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) culture, and his building program yielded works such as the Hagia Sophia. [35] Justinian was struck by the plague in the early 540s but recovered. During the years of his reign, the empire included most of the. Under its terms, the Persians agreed to abandon Lazica in exchange for an annual tribute of 400 or 500 pounds of gold (30,000 solidi) to be paid by the Romans.[66]. Hearing of this, the Gothic king Witigis sent a huge force, some accounts put the force as large as 150,000, to besiege Rome. Justinian's ambition to restore the Roman Empire to its former glory was only partly realized. Justinian confesses that he was partially motivated by fame rather than duty to God, which tainted the justice of his rule in spite of his proud accomplishments. Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire, Andrs Mcsy. Check out how late Imperial Rome transformed in the centuries from Constantine to Justinian, as it evolved into a new and unique iteration of Roman civilization. See Geoffrey Greatrex, "Byzantium and the East in the Sixth Century" in Michael Maas (ed.). The only western province where the Justinianic code was introduced was Italy (after the conquest by the so-called Pragmatic Sanction of 554),[41] from where it was to pass to Western Europe in the 12th century and become the basis of much Continental European law code, which was eventually spread by European empires to the Americas and beyond in the Age of Discovery. One important luxury product was silk, which was imported and then processed in the Empire. Belisarius could make no headway without adequate reinforcements, and in 549 he was recalled to Constantinople. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. - Reign of the Emperor Justinian over the Byzantine Empire Justinian, also known as "the sleepless emperor" by his subjects, was one of the most influential of the early Byzantine emperors. 25 results for "byzantine empire under justinian". Even now, it is universally acknowledged as one of the greatest buildings in the world. The Popes reacted by severing ties with the Patriarch of Constantinople who supported these policies. Large copper coin, approx 40mm, 22.7g. Totila proved an able leader and in 542 took the offensive in southern Italy and in 543 captured Naples. He was the head of the army, the highest political authority and the supreme legislator and judge. [87], In Asia Minor alone, John of Ephesus was reported to have converted 70,000 pagans, which was probably an exaggerated number. As a result of this unpopularity, he was deposed by the army in 602 and replaced with their choice, Phocas. [citation needed]. After that, the Lazic War in the North continued for several years: the Lazic king switched to the Byzantine side, and in 549 Justinian sent Dagisthaeus to recapture Petra, but he faced heavy resistance and the siege was relieved by Sasanian reinforcements. Justinian's Code Corpus Juris Civilis, or Body of Civil Law, which included laws passed by Roman assemblies or decreed by Roman emperors. He reinforced Ravenna, and his generals found success against the Persians in battles in Armenia and against the Berbers in North Africa. The combined fatalities of both events likely exceeded 30,000, with tremors felt from Antioch to Alexandria.[130]. [63], Belisarius arrived in the East in 541, but after some success, was again recalled to Constantinople in 542. However, the condemnation was received unfavourably in the west, where it led to new (albeit temporal) schism, and failed to reach its goal in the east, as the Monophysites remained unsatisfied all the more bitter for him because during his last years he took an even greater interest in theological matters. This image is an integral part of a much larger mosaic program in the chancel (the space around the altar). In January 532, partisans of the chariot racing factions in Constantinople, normally rivals, united against Justinian in a revolt that has become known as the Nika riots. 4.42g, 20mm Helmeted bust of Justinian facing, holding a globus cruciger "DN IVSTINIANVS PP AVG" Victory standing, facing, holding a long cross surmounted by "P" and a globus cruciger. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. Belisarius went on to capture Carthage, and the Byzantines were victorious.[10]. He is depicted as a jealous and conniving Emperor obsessed with creating and maintaining his own historical legacy. His name is used to name the plague that also afflicted him. Moorhead ((1994), p. 164) gives the lower, Greatrex ((2005), p. 489) the higher figure. 2122, with a reference to Procopius, Secret History 8.3. In the Byzantine Empire, the Emperor is the supreme ruler, looked at as a god. Sep 23, 2021 By Kieren Johns, PhD Classics & Ancient History In 564, Justinian adopted the heresy of Aphthartodocetism and tried to impose it. Finally, a 50 years truce was negotiated, probably at the end of 561; Byzantium agreed to pay an annual tribute of 30,000 solidi (gold coins), and the Persians renounced all claim to the small Christian kingdom of Lazica, an important bulwark against northern invaders. Period of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) history from 518 to 602, The Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent since the fall of the, Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty, Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty, Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty, Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty&oldid=1139861168, States and territories established in the 510s, States and territories disestablished in the 7th century, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 February 2023, at 07:17. The Hagia Sophia: Byzantine Emperor Justinian built the Greek Orthodox Church of the Holy Wisdom of God, the Hagia Sophia, which was completed in only four and a half years (532 CE-537 CE). Belisarius feigned acceptance of the offer, entered the city in May 540, and reclaimed it for the Empire. Free shipping for many products! Following a revolt against the Empire in Armenia in the late 530s and possibly motivated by the pleas of Ostrogothic ambassadors, King Khosrau I broke the "Eternal Peace" and invaded Roman territory in the spring of 540. During this period, the Ostrogoths retook most of Italy. [123] These events may have been caused by an atmospheric dust veil resulting from a large volcanic eruption. [103], Justinian was a prolific builder; the historian Procopius bears witness to his activities in this area. He raises his hands in offering as he holds a gold paten, displaying his patterned tablion, a supplemental textile bearing a repeat pattern and most likely produced on a drawloom. No software installation. Do whatever you want with a Justinian and the Byzantine Empire (video) - Khan Academy: fill, sign, print and send online instantly. most powerful. It marked the final cessation of the Roman Empire; the . The praetorian prefect Liberius reclaimed the south of the Iberian peninsula, establishing the province of Spania. For his uncle and adoptive father, see, Illustration of an angel showing Justinian a model of Hagia Sophia in a vision, by, Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, Architecture, learning, art and literature, The sole source for Justinian's full name are consular diptychs of the year 521 bearing his name, which is given as. This Persian war also struggled with money difficulties, leading to a major mutiny in 588; however, the money dispute was resolved the following spring. [Adobe InDesign (.indd); 5078x3248]. [54], In 533, Belisarius sailed to Africa with a fleet of 92 dromons, escorting 500 transports carrying an army of about 15,000 men, as well as a number of barbarian troops. [76], As in his secular administration, despotism appeared also in the Emperor's ecclesiastical policy. [107] Works of embellishment were not confined to churches alone: excavations at the site of the Great Palace of Constantinople have yielded several high-quality mosaics dating from Justinian's reign, and a column topped by a bronze statue of Justinian on horseback and dressed in a military costume was erected in the Augustaeum in Constantinople in 543. [70] The Byzantines took Cartagena and other cities on the southeastern coast and founded the new province of Spania before being checked by their former ally Athanagild, who had by now become king. The total of Justinian's legislation is known today as the Corpus juris civilis. Justin reversed this trend and confirmed the Chalcedonian doctrine, openly condemning the Monophysites. The Codex Justinianus, or Code of Justinian, was a legal code. City after city was captured by the Ostrogoths until only Ravenna, Otranto, and Ancona remained in Byzantine hands. There was also a disputed succession to the throne after the aged Vandal king Hilderich, who had been in alliance with Constantinople and had ceased persecution of the Catholics, was deposed in favour of Gelimer in 530. After this setback, Tiberius ate some bad food, which may have been intentionally poisoned, fell ill, and died. Justinian recalled Narses in 539. Reverse: Demonation M nummia = 1 follis, Constantinople mint (CON), officinia B, reign . Gelimer replied, in effect, that Justinian had no authority to make these demands. ), Christianity and Family Law: An Introduction (Law and Christianity, pp. In 525 Emperor Justin I named his favorite nephew, Justinian, caesar of the Byzantine Empire. Totila was defeated by superior numbers and strategy and was mortally wounded at the battle of Busta Gallorum. Petar Miloevi/Wikimedia Commons (CC by 4.0), Name: (At birth) Petrus Sabbatius; Flavius Petrus Sabbatius JustinianusBirthplace: ThraceDates: c.482, at Tauresium - 565Ruled: April 1, 527 (jointly with his uncle Justin until August 1) - November 14, 565Wife: Theodora. The consistency of Justinian's policy meant that the Manicheans too suffered persecution, experiencing both exile and threat of capital punishment. [68] The recovery of Italy cost the empire about 300,000 pounds of gold. Justinian died on November 14, 565, in Constantinople. The Justinian dynasty began with the accession of its namesake Justin I to the throne. He gathered a large army and besieged Rome from February 537 to March 538 without being able to retake the city. Justinian was appointed consul in 521, and later as commander of the army of the east. Justinian is considered one of the most important late Roman and Byzantine emperors. It consists of the Codex Justinianeus, the Digesta or Pandectae, the Institutiones, and the Novellae. Justinian was responsible for his various reforms that he implemented that had a lasting effect on the empire even after his passing. During his reign the large Sangarius Bridge was built in Bithynia, securing a major military supply route to the east. [citation needed], Justinian appears as a character in the 1939 time travel novel Lest Darkness Fall, by L. Sprague de Camp. The overall trend was towards a simplification of administrative infrastructure. He also sponsored the codification of laws known as the Codex Justinianus (Code of Justinian) and directed the construction of several important cathedrals, including the Hagia Sophia. The Codex contained two statutes[86] that decreed the total destruction of paganism, even in private life; these provisions were zealously enforced. Justinian had inherited a war with Persia from Justin I. Justinian continued the war, succeeding in sending a force all the way down the Euphrates, but the raid stalled, and he lost the beginnings of a new fortress in a crushing defeat. He was able to reclaim much of the Western Empire during his reign. Emperor Justinian also built upon Roman ideas when he put forth a unified Roman legal code. [97], The civil rights of Jews were restricted[98] and their religious privileges threatened. After putting down a mutiny in recently conquered North Africa, Belisarius landed in mainland Italy, finding the same token resistance. An Illyrian, Justinian was born Petrus Sabbatius in A.D. 483 in Tauresium, Dardania (Yugoslavia), a Latin-speaking area of the Empire. Under their respective kings Ildibad and Eraric (both murdered in 541) and especially Totila, the Ostrogoths made quick gains. The Byzantines, after this decisive victory, were now easily able to hold the frontier on the Danube as it had been since the Roman Empire, as well as gain control over some minor territories in southern Dacia. He even alienated the pope in Rome, creating a schism. For an account of Justinian's wars, see Moorhead (1994), pp. : VICTORI - A AVGGG H, Angel standing facing, holding long staff surmounted by staurogram and globus cruciger; star to right. At the very beginning of his reign, he deemed it proper to promulgate by law the Church's belief in the Trinity and the Incarnation, and to threaten all heretics with the appropriate penalties,[77] whereas he subsequently declared that he intended to deprive all disturbers of orthodoxy of the opportunity for such offense by due process of law. He had no male heir, and on his death there was not only antagonism between Arian Goths and Catholic Italians but also a rift within the ranks of the Ostrogoths, some of whom were violently anti-Byzantine. Find out how Justinian, the first Byzantine emperor, attempted to return it to its former glories. Monophysite doctrine, which maintains that Jesus Christ had one divine nature rather than a synthesis of divine and human nature, had been condemned as a heresy by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and the tolerant policies towards Monophysitism of Zeno and Anastasius I had been a source of tension in the relationship with the bishops of Rome. Many emperors founded lasting dynasties or achieved even longer-lasting fame as great rulers, and these include Constantine I, Justinian I, Basil I, Basil II, Alexios I Komnenos, John II Komnenos, Constantine VII, and Leo III. Justinian's Crown is a historical artifact claimed by the Byzantine Empire in the popular 2020 computer strategy game Crusader Kings 3, by Paradox Development Studio. Justinian was born in Tauresium,[10] Dardania,[11] probably in 482. Securely download your document with other editable templates, any time, with PDFfiller. Early in his reign, Justinian had appointed the quaestor Tribonian to oversee this task. Autocrat [d] In various Eastern Orthodox Churches, including the Orthodox Church in America, Justinian and his empress Theodora are commemorated on the anniversary of his death, 14 November. Brian Croke, "Justinian's Constantinople", in Michael Maas (ed.). The church had a second inauguration on 24 December 562, after several reworks made by Isidore the Younger. Later wars with the Persians did not go well in Syria, resulting in mental illness that drove Justin II to his grave. The area was not completely pacified until 548,[58] but remained peaceful thereafter and enjoyed a measure of prosperity. Early sixth century", "Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades", "WWU Mnster > Religion & Politics > Religion and politics at the Golden Horn? Justinian was a Christian emperor of the Roman Empire on the cusp between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. "The Byzantine Roman Emperor Justinian." Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). Belisarius was recalled from Italy and then immediately sent to the Persian front, which had flared into warfare again. [citation needed], During Justinian's reign, the Balkans suffered from several incursions by the Turkic and Slavic peoples who lived north of the Danube. Justinian entered the arena of ecclesiastical statecraft shortly after his uncle's accession in 518, and put an end to the Acacian schism. [7] During his reign, Justinian also subdued the Tzani, a people on the east coast of the Black Sea that had never been under Roman rule before. Before the matter was resolved, Justinian died, in 565. [citation needed], In Justinian's reign, and partly under his patronage, Byzantine culture produced noteworthy historians, including Procopius and Agathias, and poets such as Paul the Silentiary and Romanus the Melodist flourished. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Flavius Justinianus, Petrus Sabbatius, Emeritus Professor of History, Royal Holloway College, University of London. The Gothic garrison of Naples resisted however, and after several months siege[12] Belisarius sacked the city. [6] His general, Belisarius, swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. By then the military situation had turned in favour of the Romans, and in 540 Belisarius reached the Ostrogothic capital Ravenna. In addition, long-distance trade flourished, reaching as far north as Cornwall where tin was exchanged for Roman wheat. Work on the first book, the Codex Constitutionum, began shortly after Justinians elevation in 527. This allowed Justinian to marry Theodora, who was of low social standing. [64] [citation needed], Justinian's religious policy reflected the Imperial conviction that the unity of the Empire presupposed unity of faith, and it appeared to him obvious that this faith could only be the orthodoxy (Chalcedonian). Justinian then recalled the victorious Belisarius. She helped. 527 C.E. John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Prez-Perdomo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Justinian created a set of laws called the Justinian Code. [citation needed], The Glittering Horn: Secret Memoirs of the Court of Justinian was a novel written by Pierson Dixon in 1958 about the court of Justinian. LotSearch > Archiv > Coins > Byzantine Empire, Justinian I, 527-565, Premium pages left without account: Registrieren Login . Package includes: 2 hours cooking class . For the word puzzle clue of byzantine empire under justinian, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. [61] Then, having been recalled by Justinian, Belisarius returned to Constantinople, taking the captured Vitigis and his wife Matasuntha with him. He would also carry a jewelled scepter, and might also don a jewel-encrusted crown. With the full attention of the army, the Byzantines drove back the Slavs, expelled them from the empire, and then ravaged their lands beyond the Danube. The first truly strong Byzantine Emperor was Justinianwho ruled the Byzantine Empire from 527 CE to 565 CE. In this time, he also achieved the rank of senator. Four months later, upon Justin I's death, Justinian became the sole sovereign at the mature age of 44. Estimate. Justinian's childless uncle became the Roman Emperor Justin I in A.D. 518. [132] Dante also uses Justinian to criticize the factious politics of his 14th Century Italy, divided between Ghibellines and Guelphs, in contrast to the unified Italy of the Roman Empire. His four-year reign was marked by Imperial weakness because the empire was over-stretched. On the foreign front, he struggled. After the death of the Emperor Anastasius, who had left no clear heir, there was much dispute as to who would become emperor. The extreme weather events of 535536 led to a famine such as had not been recorded before, affecting both Europe and the Middle East. In 561 the Avars joined the raiders but were bought off with a subsidy. . Justin, as an Orthodox, and John of Cappadocia, immediately set about repairing relations with Rome. Byzantine Empire: The 6th century: from East Rome to Byzantium. In these and other domestic affairs, Justinian excelled. [23] Justinian served as a candidatus, one of 40 men selected from the scholae palatinae to serve as the emperor's personal bodyguard. See A. D. Lee, "The Empire at War", in Michael Maas (ed.). Dorothy L. Sayers, Paradiso, notes on Canto VI. He regulated everything, both in religion and in law. In 525 he received the title of caesar and, on April 4, 527, was made coemperor with the rank of augustus. Justinian was unable to do anything to resolve the differences. Another contemporary historian, Procopius, compares Justinian's appearance to that of tyrannical Emperor Domitian, although this is probably slander. [2] The chronicler John Malalas, who lived during the reign of Justinian, describes his appearance as short, fair-skinned, curly-haired, round-faced, and handsome. Greater administrative power was given to both the leaders of the prefectures and of the provinces, while power was taken away from the vicariates of the dioceses, of which a number were abolished. Maurice's reign was marked by constant money troubles. Emperors Justin I (and later Justinian himself) rescinded these policies and reestablished the union between Constantinople and Rome. Coins 2 Oct 2022 . [42] It remains influential to this day. The Vandal king, Gelimer, attempted to surround the Byzantines at the Battle of Ad Decimum; he defeated Belisarius but went hysterical after finding the body of his dead brother. ", "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. [53] When king Kavadh I of Persia died (September 531), Justinian concluded an "Eternal Peace" (which cost him 11,000 pounds of gold)[52] with his successor Khosrau I (532). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [29][26] He was crowned co-emperor on 1 April 527,[30][b] and became sole ruler after Justin's death on 1 August 527.[30]. [106] The Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, later renamed Little Hagia Sophia, was also built between 532 and 536 by the imperial couple. He persecuted them with rigorous edicts, but could not prevent reprisals towards Christians from taking place in Samaria toward the close of his reign. p. 246. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Justinian achieved lasting fame through his judicial reforms, particularly through the complete revision of all Roman law,[40] something that had not previously been attempted. When Justinian came to the throne, his troops were fighting on the Euphrates River against the armies of the Persian king Kavadh (Qobd) I. Byzantine Empire, Justinian I, 527-565 . ", "The Date, Dedication, and Design of Sts. Other schools in Constantinople, Antioch, and Alexandria, which were the centers of Justinian's empire, continued. The strength of the dynasty was shown under Justinian I. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. During his reign, he founded Justiniana Prima not far from his birthplace. [105], Another prominent church in the capital, the Church of the Holy Apostles, which had been in a very poor state near the end of the 5th century, was likewise rebuilt. He received an excellent education, though it was said that he always spoke Greek with a bad accent. This new cathedral, with its magnificent dome filled with mosaics, remained the centre of eastern Christianity for centuries. San Vitale and the Justinian Mosaic. Considered by some scholars to be the last great Roman emperor and the first great Byzantine emperor, Justinian fought to reclaim Roman territory and left a lasting impact on architecture and law. Failure to keep them out is one of the criticisms sometimes made against Justinian. Under the Justinian dynasty, particularly the reign of Justinian I, the empire reached its greatest territorial extent since the fall of its Western counterpart, reincorporating North Africa, southern Illyria . Justinian the Great: The Emperor and Saint by Gerostergios, Asterios at AbeBooks.co.uk - ISBN 10: 0914744585 - ISBN 13: 9780914744580 - Inst for Byzantine & Modern Greek - 1983 - Hardcover Obverse: DN IVSTINIANVS PP AVG, helmeted, cuirassed bust facing . On Justin Is death on August 1, 527, Justinian succeeded him as sole emperor. He explains the division of the Roman Empire under Emperor Diocletian and establishment of the city of Constantinople by Emperor Constantine. Further, by his policies: women charged with major crimes should be guarded by other women to prevent sexual abuse; if a woman was widowed, her dowry should be returned; and a husband could not take on a major debt without his wife giving her consent twice. (2020, August 28). Gill, N.S. In the West, the brilliant early military successes of the 530s were followed by years of stagnation. They and their fans began shouting Nika 'Victory' in the Hippodrome. These attacks from beyond the Danube did immense damage, and, although fortifications and defense works were built and strengthened in the Balkans and in Greece, the newcomers were neither effectively repulsed nor assimilated by the Byzantines. : D N IVSTINI - ANVS PP AVG, helmeted, cuirassed bust facing, holding globe cruciger and decorated shield, Rev. Justinian I served as emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565. After a victory at Faenza in 542, they reconquered the major cities of Southern Italy and soon held almost the entire Italian peninsula. From his uncle, Justinian inherited ongoing hostilities with the Sassanid Empire. Sear 163. He took the Roman name Justinianus from his uncle, Justin. The dragging war with the Goths was a disaster for Italy, even though its long-lasting effects may have been less severe than is sometimes thought. [112] Justinian also tried to find new routes for the eastern trade, which was suffering badly from the wars with the Persians. Justinian had thus maintained his eastern provinces virtually intact in spite of the vigorous offensives of the Persian king, so his policy on this front can hardly be described as a failure. She was by profession an actress and some twenty years his junior. Fri frakt ver 199 kr. ca. Narses entered Rome and soon afterward defeated Ostrogothic resistance at Mount Lactarius, south of Vesuvius. 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