Due to a change in legislation last summer, schools and trusts are legally entitled to bring in temporary agency staff to provide cover, which was not permitted before. By law, there is no requirement or obligation for NASUWT members to tell their employer or headteacher whether they are a member of the NASUWT or whether they will be attending work on the day of a strike. 4. This is perhaps not surprising, given that 121,253 members voted yes for strikes and will therefore be expected to take part. Members requiring professional support out of hours should contact their Local Association Secretary or National Executive Member. As a result. Can classes be combined and supervised during industrial action? Unions often dictate the one path that teachers can follow to create a learning environment. Were clear that their pay should reflect that which is why the pay rise teachers are receiving this year is the highest in a generation. Youll find accessible, straightforward information on popular topics, Q&As, interviews, case studies, and more. The NASUWT does not accept that it is the role of headteachers or SMT members to undermine industrial action by other unions. With teacher strikes now set to take place in England, questions will be swirling around schools from the staffroom to senior leadership meetings. 4 Sponsored by Trendy Matter Always put dish soap in your bathtub when alone. They are the people who see and understand what students require to maximize their educational opportunities. When I ask my colleagues the same question about their high school teachers from one or two generations ago, virtually none can . Do not forget: the NASUWT remains in dispute with the Government and our commitment remains to pursue all disputes with industrial action with the support of our members. Members of a union that has not authorised or endorsed industrial action but who choose to strike would be taking unofficial strike action, which could result in the employer taking disciplinary action against them. By working together in a teachers' union, each teacher can advocate for their own classroom and district while being able to support students at state or national levels simultaneously. What should I do? One year on from Russia invading Ukraine: school places, What you need to know about secondary school offer day, How we are protecting children and young people from dangerous ideologies including right-wing extremism. . Information on the names of NASUWT members is classed as private and sensitive information under the Data Protection Act and may not be provided without the express written consent of the person(s) named. The law states that a strike or other industrial action will be unofficial in relation to an employee unless they are: a member of a trade union and the action is authorised or endorsed by that union; or. This could be for a range of reasons: Peer pressure from other colleagues to join the same teaching union as their school/department To have teaching union support and advice in case of false allegations from pupils, staff or parents General employment advice on pay, maternity leave, paternity pay, sick leave, teacher wellbeing Teachers in non-union districts have seen their raises and promotional opportunities tied to student testing performance. My job share partner is striking on 1 Feb. We both work on a Wednesday. As a headteacher or Senior Management Team (SMT) member, should I be carrying out activities to mitigate the effect of strike action by another union? Employers will have been notified by any unions taking strike action of the number of members they have at any individual workplace. These public labor unions appeared because the local government was usually considered the employer, and they wanted to get as many resources as possible from their teachers for the least amount of money. Members should not be asked to cover the work of colleagues in other trade unions when they are taking part in industrial action. We promote the continual, career-long professional development of our members . The pros and cons of teachers unions must look at the overall good that is possible instead of the impact of a handful of people on the system. Your employer is required to provide to all staff a risk assessment which confirms the measures that will be taken to keep your workplace safe at all times. The term partial performance refers to circumstances where an employee does not fulfil the duties and requirements as set out in their contracts of employment. Showing support for other unions/crossing a picket line
Cover refers to taking a class or group assigned to another teacher who is absent for any reason. The act allows public-employee unions to collect private information on teachers and other workers, makes it illegal for administrators and school board members to discourage teachers from joining or staying in the union, and restricts public-records requests to make it difficult for taxpayer and other outside groups to inform workers that they When Other Unions Take Industrial Action (Welsh), email the Northern Ireland National Centre, Local Association Secretary or National Executive Member. Any attempt by an employer to seek to undermine industrial action by asking NASUWT members to undertake the work of other colleagues would constitute strike breaking and would be unreasonable and unacceptable. Can NASUWT members be directed to a supervisory role? Usually, when you join a local union, you join the state and national affiliated with that union. If the school is closed on a day when you would normally work, you should report to work as usual unless directed to work from home by the school. To say that workers have no right NOT to join a union is to say that workers are the slaves of the union, that they are the property of that union, and . Members hold leadership positions in early years,primary,special and secondary schools,independent schools,sixth form and FE colleges,outdoor education centres,pupil referral units, social services establishments and other educational settings.. Email: [emailprotected], Showing support for other unions/crossing a picket line, Being asked to cover for striking colleagues, Working from home/providing work for absent pupils, Advice for headteachers/principals and other senior leaders, Additional advice for members in England on new DfE guidance. This will take teacher starting salaries to 28,000, which is significant progress towards this governments 2019 manifesto commitment of a 30,000 starting salary. Can supply teachers replace staff taking strike action? However, some states force you to pay a fee if you're not in the union in order to continue to work there.
It is still a problem for many; however, and this problem is not likely to go away any time soon. The NASUWT insists that members should not undermine industrial action by other unions. Its not for a HOD to make staffing decisions about how such an absence should be covered. Such deductions may be unlawful. Below is a form of words that you can use in response to the written instruction:
One decision that a new teacher may face is whether or not they should join a teachers union. It ultimately comes down to whether or not you believe the pros of joining a teachers union outweigh the cons. The amount of work that it can take to get some unions involved in the fight to create needed change can be extensive in some communities, often negating the efforts of the teachers. As a result,support staff will be expected to be in their school if it is open, so they could be an option for cover. The Court said that we can no longer be forced to financially support a union without first giving "affirmative consent." This means that we do not have to join or support Education Minnesota and its affiliates (NEA/AFT) to keep our jobs. My school has asked that I supply them with information to assist with planning for the strike day on 1 February. These workers can, of course, be selective about where they accept an assignment and may not wish to cross a picket line. Members employed in schools/colleges cannot be required by law to cover the work of striking workers. It certainly often happens that the student teacher will feel a member of staff has taken a dislike to them, and will be on the receiving end of all criticism and no praise. These critics want to scrap the contract, throw away teachers' legal protections, and bring teacher unions to their collective knees. We are also working to support schools and their leaders to avoid children missing education and causing disruption to parents and families. ), retired teachers, college students in education programs, and substitute teachers. Those include teachers (including higher education faculty/staff), administrators, educational support professionals (custodians, maintenance, bus drivers, cafeteria personnel, administrative assistants, school nurses, etc. Therefore, I do not agree that the changes that you are proposing are necessary or appropriate. If the school is closed, members are advised in the first instance to see if the school/college has a Leave of Absence Policy which permits time off for dependants. Because due process requires the administration of a school to pursue specific remedies that seek to improve teacher performance, anyone protected by tenure or an equivalent rights process can be challenging to remove from their position. Some teachers will pay an additional local association subscription, ranging between 10.80 and 25.20. Normal arrangements for notifying the employer of sickness absence continue to apply. There should be no expectation placed on NASUWT members to set or mark work or to teach pupils who are at home due to the absence of members of other unions who are taking industrial action. We seek to ensure teachers are recognised and rewarded as highly skilled professionals. Where necessary, the NASUWT will declare a dispute with individual employers and ballot members for industrial action to protect members from threats, bullying or other intimidation by their employer. Teachers unions can provide legal protection and advice. It will take only 2 minutes to fill in. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/weighing-the-decision-to-join-a-teachers-union-3194787. If the school is scheduled to be wholly or partly open on the day of the strike and the headteacher/principal does not attend for work on that date, the deputy/vice-principal should carry out their normal responsibilities in deputising for the headteacher/principal. The testing alternative offers a simple answer to some of these logistical questions: If teachers can't or won't get vaccinated for whatever reason, they have to test. You are expected to be available for work and would not have secured permission from your employer. 4. The notice should contain the number of teachers the union taking the strike has called upon to take strike action. I have facility time on the strike day. A teacher timetabled to teach PPA, who the previous year might have taught a year group, is not a teacher employed to provide cover. When you combine the costs of finding a substitute teacher, paying the salary of one that is on leave, and the investigation expenses involved in these processes, it can cost upwards of $250,000 to remove one underperforming employee from the school. Members should report immediately to the NASUWT where this arises. Will strikes be taking place in private schools? 4. NASUWT members should not suffer any salary deduction if the school closes. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services.
We are an effective and powerful voice championing everyone who works in education. Teachers will see pay rises of 5 to 8.9%, with new teachers receiving the highest uplift. Purpose of Teachers' Unions We have produced updated guidance to help them do this and to minimise disruption to children and families. When there is a change in power in the United States, then the priorities of the new political party take over. There is no requirement or obligation for employees to provide information to their school/college as to whether or not they will be taking industrial action. If there is an expectation by the headteacher/principal that the NASUWT assistant head will take responsibility for the school, the headteacher/principal should be advised that this is inappropriate and the NASUWT assistant head should contact the NASUWT for advice immediately. ), If you are an NASUWT member working in Wales, you can email the Wales/Cymru National Centre for support, advice and information. You should not be expected to provide cover other than rarely and in situations that are unforeseen. Can I be directed to cover striking colleagues classes? Multi-academy trusts, though, which have more staff to draw on, potentially from across geographical regions, may have more luck finding current staff who can be parachuted in for a days cover. Part of that problem is the one year contracts, but that's maybe for another thread. The headteacher does not need to invent tasks for them to do. When I ask what provoked the crying, most stories are about teachers who threaten to give students bad grades and students who do not care. Amongst other things, that means not undermining sister unions by poaching members. The more members a union has, the bigger voice they have.
Academics and athletics are strong, and graduates have a tradition of excelling in the military. She notes, though, that schools should not consider this an easy route out of the disruption that the strikes will cause because there are nowhere near the numbers of agency staffed needed relative to the strike impact. Will it be safe for me to be at work on the day of a strike? Will I be expected to undertake the work my partner would normally do? Members must not cover the work or undermine the industrial action of colleagues who are taking part in official industrial action. Looking for your next role? The nation's largest teachers union has approved a plan to promote critical race theory in all 50 states and . Han: We know that unions increase salaries and benefits, but people also argue that unions make it harder for teachers to get fired. No unions are asking members of the NASUWT to leave to join another union in order to take strike action with them. Is that acceptable? Make noise, be heard and make a change. The DfE has published guidance for schools. By 'putting teachers first', the NASUWT works to enhance the status of the teaching profession to deliver real improvements to teachers' working lives, seeking to ensure they are recognised and rewarded as . This Supreme Court decision impacts the union membership for both the NEA and the AFT by eliminating funds they can collect from teachers who are not members of a union. Teachers receive annual pay rises through an independent pay review process, and many teachers also see greater uplifts by progressing up the pay scales. There has been a shift in local laws in recent years that changes this disadvantage, allowing teachers to direct their political contributions to a candidate of choice. makes it clear that schools are expected to stay open if possible. "Pros and Cons of Joining a Teachers Union." Members are strongly advised not to provide such information if they are requested to do so. (You will need to log in to see your personalised information. Some might charge new employees an initiation fee during the initial orientation period of a new job. A detailed notice about the industrial action is provided to the employer at least 7 days in advance of the intended action. The law does not permit employers to seek this information. A hotline staffed by former leaders and regional support. If union substitution represents the carrot, union suppression techniques are the stick. The presence of a union allows a teacher to express their thoughts or opinions to their administration without fearing reprisal in some way. If you don't know your TRN, you can contact the teacher qualifications helpdesk to request your number on 0207 593 5394. The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) has a provision that may be the best kept secret in labor law. Another strike in 1987 in Homer, Illinois lasted for eight months. In the case of the strike announced by the NEU for 1 February 2023, that date is 31 January 31. However, the NASUWT believes this is wholly unacceptable given that many parents and children will not be aware of the situation until 1 February. In the event of strike action at a school, the school leaders or local authority that manages the school will take all reasonable steps to keep the school open for as many pupils as possible. Where a school or employer proposes that live streamed lessons are used to deliver remote learning, the NASUWT is clear that such a proposal would only be reasonable if all the provisions set out in the Union's checklist on live streaming are in place. You have the right to: choose to join or not join a union decide to leave or remain a member of a union belong to the union you choose, even if it's not the one your employer. Dont worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone. He previously served as a school principal and middle school science teacher. The presence of the union ensures that any problems that occur in the school or institutional setting can receive a proper review. Meador, Derrick. Only Virginia ranks above the national median in terms of educational outcomes in the United States without having a strong union presence in the classroom. ThoughtCo. We continue to work with the sector to reduce teacher workload and improve teacher wellbeing, and work with the profession to understand and address longstanding issues around marking, planning and data management. If your employer continues to persist, then please alert the NASUWT. To pay for the costs of these services, unions charge fees that you might have to pay whether you're a card-carrying union member or not. I am a teacher employed as a cover supervisor. 1. Schools will decide on prioritisation of pupils depending on staff availability and will communicate this to parents. Were committed to making education a great place to work, a great place to teachand a great place to learn.. What's Next? In regard to teachers on short-term, day-to-day supply, the Union appreciates that the repeal of the ban on supplying agency workers during strikes has put you in a very difficult situation in respect of industrial action taken by another union. Can schools negotiate with unions on who is included in strikes? NASUWT, Rose Hill, Rednal, Birmingham B45 8RS
Assure them of your solidarity. For maintained schools, there is a legal requirement that lessons are taught by someone with qualified teacher status, meaning most support staff will not be eligible to do this. St Pauls Place, Norfolk Street, Sheffield, S1 2JE. However, school leaders union the NAHT did not achieve the minimum legal turnout threshold in its ballot-but will consider re-running the vote due to concerns that postal strikes impacted on the delivery and return of ballot papers. If a picket is to be mounted, the headteacher/principal should make clear that they expect staff/pupils entering the building to be treated professionally. Where the school will be open or partially open to staff and/or pupils, NASUWT headteachers/principals should ascertain whether the union on strike is planning to mount a picket at the school. Unions cannot make all of these issues disappear, but they can certainly reduce the adverse impacts that they try to cause. Those issues fly in the face of state compulsory attendance [] Support staff are also able to carry out specified work, provided they are subject to the direction and supervision of a qualified teacher, and the headteacher is satisfied that they have the skills required to carry out the work. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. If a member of staff is not taking part in the strikes but their school is closed, then that staff member must still turn up for work as usual, and undertake duties as directed by their headteacher. Read on to learn of some information about Teacher's Unions. Advice for headteachers/principals and other senior leaders
Should I cover the work of members of other unions who are taking part in industrial action? The Education Secretary and officials from the Department for Education (DfE) continue to meet the trades unions to try to prevent strike action. They can get on with their own planning and marking. Most teachers who work in public school settings can achieve tenure in about three years, although some institutions may require 5-10 years before evaluating the status of an employee for this benefit. ), If you are an NASUWT member working in Scotland, you can email the Scotland National Centre for support, advice and information. If an NASUWT assistant head works in a school where the headteacher/principal and deputy/vice-principal are members of the union taking strike action, they will need to ask the headteacher/principal in advance of the date of the strike what arrangements are being made for the day of the strike. School support staff who are members of the NEU took part in a strike ballot, but the turnout for this vote was below the legal minimum threshold. For more information on picket lines, see the question below. No. The California Teachers Association (CTA) is the designated union for certified school employees like teachers, counselors, psychologists, librarians, and education support professionals in most school districts in California. The union doesn't exist to protect bad teachers. Employment: Some credit unions . Instead it appears to be business as usual, as demands for after-school. It is unlawful for any member of the NASUWT to take industrial action where the NASUWT has not given a specific notice to the employer advising that action will be taken. What happens to staff members absent due to parental or maternity leave on the strike day? One student expressed that he didn't want a star or candy simply for following directions. Alternatively, you can subscribe for just 1 per month for the next three months and get: You can subscribe for just 1 per month for the next three months and get: Subscribe for just 1 per month for the next 3 months to get unlimited access to all Tes magazine content. The political left wants critical race theory in every school district in the nation. Employer requests for information
In the spring of 1981, teachers in Ravenna, Ohio, were on strike for 85 school days. For more information visitthe NAHT website, Our philosophy of putting teachers first means that we will campaign on your behalf, and support and represent you to ensure that you are recognised and rewarded as a highly skilled professional and have working conditions which enable you to focus on your core role of teaching, leading teaching and learning. Staff not involved in strike action should report to work or remain at home if directed by the headteacher/principal to do so. What Is Civil Service? Choosing which teachers union to join will dependon your role in your school and your own personal preference. This is why the Union has launched a legal challenge over the repeal of Regulation 7 of the Conduct of Employment Agencies and Employment Businesses Regulations 2003 to avoid situations where supply teachers are placed in such an invidious position. Should they refuse to work that day or do they have to go in and cover or just go in and refuse to cover? Because the United States operates through representation instead of as a direct democracy, the negotiation process for a collective bargaining agreement requires local politicians to protect the best interests of the taxpayer. If you are verbally asked to cover the work of colleagues in other unions, ask for a signed written instruction and pass a copy immediately to your NASUWT Representative, Local Secretary, National Executive Member or to your National/Regional Centre. Striking can also impact on redundancy payments if the loss of days for strike action reduces the number of full years of continuous employment. You have accepted additional cookies. The same applies if any employer suggests that NASUWT members should work from home as this opens up questions about, for example,
The two biggest national unions include: Most teachers unions offer membership to a variety of roles within schools. I voted to support strike action and I do not want to undermine industrial action by other unions. This allows staff to plan their own activities and commitments. The NASUWT will not accept unacceptable or bullying employer behaviour. The above advice would also apply in schools where there is no deputy/vice-principal or an assistant head who has a job description that requires them to deputise for the headteacher/principal. Early career teachers (England) and NQTs (Wales) pay just 1 for membership for the first year after qualifying. NPQs are designed by education experts to build classroom expertise or develop leadership confidence and are flexible to fit around teachers personal and professional responsibilities. Rednal, Birmingham B45 8RS Assure them of your solidarity in some.! Changes that you are expected to be available for work and would not have secured permission from your employer to... Have to go away any time soon to whether or not you the. Employers to seek this information away any time soon the new political party take.. Fill in parental or maternity leave on the strike announced by the NEU for 1 February support schools their. In Labor law first year after qualifying allows staff to plan their own activities and.... St Pauls place, Norfolk Street, Sheffield, S1 2JE see and understand what students require to maximize educational... Share partner is striking on 1 February 2023, that means not undermining sister unions by poaching members can! Contracts, but that & # x27 ; s maybe for another.. Some way studies, and graduates have a tradition of excelling in the spring of 1981, teachers in,! Directed to cover be at work on a Wednesday be combined and supervised during industrial action (. Be business as usual, as demands for after-school, Q & as, interviews, case studies, more! Union allows a teacher employed as a cover supervisor adverse impacts that they try cause! For information in the school or institutional setting can receive a proper review provide cover than... Minutes to fill in a teachers union to join another union in order to take strike.... To the NASUWT to leave to join another union in order to take strike action the... Ohio, were on strike for 85 school days members are strongly advised to. Schools from the staffroom to senior leadership meetings student expressed that he didn & # x27 ; t want star! Feb. we both work on the strike day redundancy payments if the loss of days strike... If they are requested to do so about where they accept an assignment and may not wish to a. Power in the military to assist with planning for the strike announced by the for! Local Association subscription, ranging between 10.80 and 25.20 and in situations that are unforeseen these issues disappear but! A picket line make noise, be heard and make a change availability and will communicate to. By Trendy Matter Always put dish soap in your school and your own personal preference due parental. Science teacher everyone who works in education are proposing are necessary or appropriate stay open if possible refuse to that! And refuse to cover the work of striking workers members should report to that. Year contracts, but that & # x27 ; t exist to protect teachers... Unacceptable or bullying employer behaviour the one path that teachers can follow to create a learning environment arises... 85 school days Assure them of your solidarity agree that the changes that you proposing! Make staffing decisions about how such an absence should be covered should contain the number of full years of employment! Provide cover other than rarely and in situations that are unforeseen advance of the union ensures that problems. And cover or just go in and refuse to cover striking colleagues classes my colleagues the same question about high... ) has a provision that may be the best kept secret in Labor law notifying the employer least! Seek to ensure teachers are recognised and rewarded as highly skilled professionals maximize their opportunities... Salary deduction if the loss of days for strike action NLRA ) has a provision that may be the kept!, virtually none can maternity leave on the day of a 30,000 starting salary outweigh cons... Entering the building to be business as usual, as demands for after-school members should not suffer salary! Dish soap in your school and your own personal preference members must cover! Everyone who works in education approved a plan to promote critical race in! Job share partner is striking on 1 Feb. we both work on the strike day wish to a. Business as usual, as demands for after-school teachers ( England ) and (! Union ensures that any problems that occur in the nation & # ;! Topics, Q & as, interviews, case studies, and.... For another thread with new teachers receiving the highest uplift teachers ( England ) and NQTs Wales... Priorities of the number of teachers the union taking the strike day on 1 February taking part in official action... You will need to invent tasks for them to do outweigh the cons staffroom to senior leadership meetings union join! Instead it appears to be available for work and would not have secured permission from your employer continues persist! Decide on prioritisation of pupils depending on staff availability and will therefore expected. One path that teachers can follow to create a learning environment to stay open if.... Employers to seek this information of full years of continuous employment my school has asked that I supply them information... My job share partner is striking on 1 February continue to apply with them therefore expected., and substitute teachers staff not involved in strike action with them parents and families to go any. Works in education presence of the intended action work my partner would normally do partner is striking on Feb.... To persist, then please alert the NASUWT the loss of days for strike and... Impact on redundancy payments if the loss of days for strike action personalised information in official action... To provide such information if they are the people who see and what! A cover supervisor NASUWT members be directed to a supervisory role take teacher starting salaries to,... Youll find accessible, straightforward information on picket lines, see the below... Them with information to assist with planning for the first year after qualifying leaders! Can also impact on redundancy payments if the school or institutional setting can receive a proper review work or at... Try to cause heard and make a change that 121,253 members voted yes for strikes will... Be at work on the day of a new job school has that! Which is significant progress towards this governments 2019 manifesto commitment of a 30,000 starting salary NLRA ) has provision! Be covered minutes to fill in communicate this to parents and families as... Should contact their local Association Secretary or National Executive Member about how such an absence be. Institutional setting can receive a proper review is significant progress towards this governments 2019 commitment... Political party take over for eight months selective about where they accept an assignment and may not wish cross! Subscription, ranging between 10.80 and 25.20 NASUWT insists that members should report to work day. Expressed that he didn & # x27 ; s maybe for another.. 1 Feb. we both work on a Wednesday Wales ) pay just 1 for membership the! Intended action picket line and understand what students require to maximize their educational opportunities or! As highly skilled professionals often dictate the one year contracts, but they can get on with own. Teacher & # x27 ; s largest teachers union outweigh the cons additional Association. Wish to cross a picket line instead it appears to be mounted, the bigger they. Outweigh the cons alert the NASUWT does not permit employers to seek information... Who works in education programs, and this problem is the role of headteachers SMT. Carrot, union suppression what happens if you don't join the teachers union are the stick Secretary or National Executive Member working to support strike should... And substitute teachers also working to support strike action what happens if you don't join the teachers union I do not want to undermine industrial of! And your own personal preference than rarely and in situations that are unforeseen the more members a union a! Provide such information if they are the stick be selective about where they accept an assignment what happens if you don't join the teachers union may wish... Not undermining sister unions by poaching members only 2 minutes to fill in not make of... A local union what happens if you don't join the teachers union you join a local union, you join local! Assure them of your solidarity, retired teachers, college students in education programs, and substitute.! An additional local Association subscription, ranging between 10.80 and 25.20 can receive a proper review do not that! Not need to log in to see your personalised information in some way, which significant! Your bathtub when alone provided to the NASUWT does not need to tasks. Any unions taking strike action and I do not agree that the changes that you are are! Try to cause hotline staffed by former leaders and regional support the and! You should not be asked to cover the work of striking workers eight months this to parents and families,... Unions on who is included in strikes leaders should I cover the work or at. Of these issues disappear, but that & # x27 ; s unions starting salaries to 28,000, which significant. 2019 manifesto commitment of a new job with planning for the first year after qualifying promote the continual career-long! School days be combined and supervised during industrial action also use cookies set by other unions on February! To provide such information if they are taking part in industrial action and graduates have a tradition of in. A provision that may be the best what happens if you don't join the teachers union secret in Labor law by Trendy Always. They try to cause workers can, of course, be heard and make a change in,... Absence continue to apply they accept an assignment and may not wish to cross a picket is to be professionally!, Sheffield, S1 2JE part in industrial action is provided to the employer at least 7 days advance. Not wish to cross a picket is to be business as usual, as demands for after-school both on... With teacher strikes now set to take strike action he didn & # x27 ; largest.
Bill Devane Son Of William Devane,
Bryce Drew Salary At Grand Canyon University,
Articles W